Shc 31

SHC 31: Promote correspondence in wellbeing, social consideration or children’s and youthful people’s settings. Comprehend why powerful correspondence is significant in the work setting. 1. 1: Identify the various reasons individuals impart. We as a whole impart for a wide range of reasons; it permits us to completely take an interest in the public eye. The following is a bug chart to demonstrate the key motivations to why we convey: How these reasons identify with kid care: We impart to communicate our sentiments, what we need and what we need. Without having the option to do this at any age can make us baffled. For more youthful youngsters this disappointment can prompt them additionally feeling separated, so it is significant that we attempt to comprehend what small kids are attempting to convey and give them a lot of chances to do as such. Sharing Information inside any childcare setting is significant. Guardians ought to have the option to share data about their children’s preferences, hates and any significant data that a setting has to know, with respect to any known unique needs, social convictions, dietary prerequisites and so forth. Imparting this data to partners and different experts will ensure that kids are completely bolstered and permit the setting to work at its maximum capacity. Children’s guardians will likewise need to know how well their kids are getting along at the setting and in the event that they are having any issues. Building and keeping up connections are the supporting element in any childcare setting. Building associations with guardians, their kids and partners guarantee that the setting can run easily. Keeping up these connections will represent quite a bit of our language and correspondence utilized for the duration of the day. As people we are innovative and have our own considerations and thoughts that we have to impart to other people. Little youngsters will regularly simply come out with things that they are thinking, as they have not yet developed a perspective, where as grown-ups for the most part advise their contemplations when they have to. Sharing considerations and thoughts regarding the setting you are in can be valuable. Making some noise on the off chance that you figure something should be possible in an alternate manner or in the event that you are unsettled about something can be settled. Not standing up can cause pressure. Individuals like to be recognized, particularly when you are addressing them. Consoling individuals that you are focusing and tuning in to what they are stating can be as basic as giving them eye to eye connection. With kids and youngsters they may require somewhat more, commending them and looking into what they are doing will promise them that they are being heard and that they are significant. The consolation and affirmation of partners will likewise make a successful work setting. 1. 2 Explain how correspondence influences connections in the work setting. Great working connections are a significant factor in any workplace Communication is an imperative relationship-building aptitude. In childcare settings, it is basic to set up and keep up great associations with kids, their families and partners just as different experts that might be engaged with the children’s care. Experts who have better relational abilities are almost certain than have great associations with everybody engaged with the setting. Working connections are affected by the non-verbal communication, manner of speaking and the words that we use. For instance great open body pose, quiet outward appearances and a quiet consistent manner of speaking will show that you are receptive, ready to help and open to correspondence. Crossed arms, firm face and inclining toward the divider will show that you are not open for correspondence and thusly may cause strain. Great communicators ought to likewise have great listening abilities as individuals like to realize that they are being heard, this can be appeared through eye to eye connection, situating of the body and a consoling outward appearance. Absence of relational abilities can mess up the work place as it confines your capacity to interface with individuals on any level. This can prompt strain and struggle. The following is a graph of a portion of the manners in which working connections are principal in kid care. Having the option to impart well and structure great working connections is an enormous piece of the job of a kid care specialist. From the main second a youngster ventures into a setting on their first day, they are encountering a wide range of feelings because of the change from being at home with guardians or carers to beginning a Pre-school or going from Primary to Secondary School. Kids will feel worried, terrified and strange. This can be made simpler when the grown-ups included have great associations with one another and share data adequately. Picking up data with respect to the youngster like their complete name and a smidgen about them will cause them to feel increasingly loose. Figuring out how to convey and assemble a relationship with the kid will assist them with settling in and feel great with you and their environmental factors. This likewise means the guardians, they too will feel troubled about leaving their youngsters except if they have believe that their kid is in acceptable hands. Building a decent connection without breaking a sweat their brains, thusly their youngsters will settle in quicker than if the guardians and kids are completely stressed. These connections must be kept up for the duration of the time the youngsters are in the setting. This is to guarantee that the youngsters can arrive at their maximum capacity. In the event that they are cheerful and loosened up they can play and learn all the more viably. Great correspondence from the grown-ups around them will permit them to create and expand on jargon, create ideas and express thoughts. In the event that you can impart well and keep up working connections you will end up being an esteemed individual from staff and the youngsters in your consideration will have the option to arrive at their maximum capacity as people learning structure you and with your help. Here is an outline of

Research Thesis Guidelines; Prior Tips for Thesis Preparation

Purpose behind the Study. What accurately might you want to contemplate? Why? For what reason? What is the speculative and furthermore practical importanceâ of your examination? Composing Review. What various audits have been done that relate to your point? What are the basic disclosures of those audits? What theories address your examination title? Their viewsâ in this respects? PhD Thesis Writing Services Framework. Applicable specific theories to be attempted should be doubtlessly communicated. What are the free, ward, and control factors in your survey? By what strategy will data be accumulated (e.g., study, investigate, field ask about)? In what way will you measure the variables in your survey? What kind of test will be used? What are your units of examination? In what limit will human subjects be made sure about? Note:-  Looking for Top Notch Custom Thesis Writing Service In what limit will instructive files be picked up if discretionary data assessment is used? Data Analysis What kind of quantifiable analysisâ do you want to coordinate? Time Table A timetable for completing every zone of the proposition must be consolidated. Materials If significant, keep up copy copiesâ of proposed materials (e.g., surveys to be coordinated). Studentsâ must outline the leading group of trustees for their recommendation by the mid-semester indication of their third semester. Studentsâ must have their hypothesis suggestion meeting before the most recent day of their third semester. Studentsâ must present their researchâ to their leading group of trustees 20 days before the exploration resistance day. This date changes every semester and is appropriated in UNLV plan. For additional insights about proposition composing administrations visit our site. surpasses inside the field of scholastic composition with its every minute of every day dependable composing administrations. Its accomplished scholars go additional miles to convey the best since they work with a crucial convey only crafted by vital quality.

The List List #20

The List List #20 Our weekly round-up of the best bookish lists floating around the internet. at Flavorwire, 10 Books That Are Meant to Be Savored at Mental Floss, 11 Songs Inspired by  Literature at The Wall Street Journal, The Best Book Podcasts at New Statesman, Top 10 London Novels at Flavorwire, 10 of the Coolest Niche Bookstores Around the World at Terrible Minds, 25 Things You Should Know About Metaphor at Online PhD Programs, 14  Books You Need to Read Before Pursuing a PhD at Flavorwire, 10 of the Greatest Underdogs in  Literature at LitReactor, 10 Childrens Books That Are (still) Frightening to Adults at Criterion,  Books and Magazines Written by the Royal Tenenbaums at Brooklyn Arden, Six Reasons Everything in  Publishing Takes So Long at Barnes and Noble, 5 Books About Elvis Presley at The Atlanic, The 10 Funniest Essayists of Our Time at Retreat by Random House, 19 Bookish Cakes at The Daily Beast, Must-Read College Novels at The Huffington Post, 20 Books Every African American Should Read at Rollingstone, The 25 Greatest Rock Memoirs and at BuzzFeed, 26 Indispensable Writing Tips from Famous  Authors

Gun Control Will NOT Stop Senseless Gun Violence Essay

Gun violence in the United States is higher than ever, and criminals with guns will â€Å"†¦kill as many as 1000 people each day† (AlpersWilson). Taking this into perspective, it is only right to fight fire with fire or, in this case, use a gun to protect yourself and those around you. Gun control does not only decrease the ability for protection, it also decreases our rights as U.S citizens. The constitution clearly states that we are given the right to bear arms, meaning we may carry fire arms. Even if we have stricter laws for guns, it will not stop killers from shooting innocent people. These men and women causing damage to the lives of numerous individuals do not care if there is a law banning guns, because all they truly want to do is†¦show more content†¦The amount of crimes happening today will only increase with stricter gun control laws because there is a higher temptation to steal guns. An American citizen claims, â€Å"Ever since I first learned how to shoot, the issue with gun violence around the nation became clear: Guns are not the problem; people are† (Sherfenski). Police need to lock up these people committing the disastrous crimes that affect so many innocent lives. These blameless people are not prepared when they are being attacked, and that is because most shootings tend to happen in areas where guns are controlled. The former United States Secretary of Education, William Bennett, explains the reason that criminals decide to go to places that have controlled gun laws is because: â€Å"These murderers, while deranged and deeply disturbed, are not dumb. They show up to schools, universities, malls and public places where their victims cannot shoot back† (Bennett). Even if guns are controlled in public places including malls and schools, where there are uncontrolled shootings, why would it make a difference if they were controlled everywhere? It would not make a difference whatsoever because these crimes are done out of pure, revolting pleasure. Committing a crime is one thing, but taking away a right that was given to Americans in the 1790s is a whole different story. Secondly, stricter gun control will take away the Second Amendment rights that areShow MoreRelatedThe Censorship of Art Essay example14698 Words   |  59 Pagesintensified attempts to control popular culture. In particular, rap and rock music have come under increasing attack from various sides representing the entire left and right political spectrum, purportedly for their explicit sexual and violent lyrical contents. In this paper is investigated which moral codes underlie these claims against popular music, how social movements mobilize actions around these claims, and the way in which they are manifested in mechanisms of control targeted at rap and rock

The Downside Risk of Hard Test Essay Samples That No One Is Talking About

The Downside Risk of Hard Test Essay Samples That No One Is Talking About Reading poetry can help see through the opinion of the author and see what they're experiencing. Some people may say that poetry is irrelevant and it's a waste of time. After a rough day at school, reading some poetry is a very good means to eradicate the tension that's caused from problems like taking a difficult test or getting a good deal of homework. Such usage is the sole clear evidence of understanding. Even in the event you recognize a method as a all-mighty and it's extremely over-spec to your requirements, you are unable to find the result you desire. If all you want is the ability to select the test and get it graded to observe how you do, there's also that option. Undoubtedly, it is a sort of hard test. Essays for sale online are the ideal selection for pupils which are looking for academic aid. Preparing to take the GED can be an intimidating experience if you aren't properly ready for the exam. After which, you'll find it simpler for you to start. English Essay Authors is actually a privileged set to find every one of the assist you might want to have! Writing good compositions is essential in the English Language in the feeling that it permits the student to have the ability to express what is in her or his mind regarding a specific matter. It is also necessary for students as soon as it comes to English Language examinations. Technology is very much part of contemporary life. No matter what kind of profession you're seeking, there's a resume writing sample that could support you in making your own resume. Perhaps the most significant point to remember in writing essay exams is you have a limited quantity of time and space to get upon the knowledge you've acquired and your capacity to utilize it. It is crucial to have somebody with whom you may share your thoughts freely. Pretend you've got perfect reading skills, but are incredibly stupid and don't have any knowledge other than that which is in the passage. The sort of essay you're searching for will be given to you within the deadline offered to you. If you'll notice, some job posts include things like pleasing personality for a requirement. One very important thing you should not forget is to mention the complete name of the individual to whom you chance to be addressing your work application. Our website can provide many handy, even unique additional benefits. What is Actually Going on with Hard Test Essay Samples College essay samples are everywhere over the world wide web and in many subjects. If you are getting ready to compose an LPI essay, it's particularly important to concentrate on grammar. Use these essay writing tips if you would like to write much better LPI essays. Analyzing LPI sample essays Reading and analyzing LPI sample essays is among the absolute most efficient approaches to find prepared for the exam. Think of three or more significant points you'll be able to develop, one per paragraph. When you plan your essay and jot down the points you're likely to go over in your draft, you are going to have lot of points to discuss. For each prompt you decide to outline, come up with three or more points of analysis and a couple sentences to explain the significance of each point. There are 176 possible topics you will be requested to write about on the GRE Argument essay, and they all are offered for free internet. Who knew essay writing could possibly be so tough. Research on the topic matter if you discover that it's necessary. Both essay questions have various formats and focuses, so make sure that you understand what the questions are asking you to do before you commence writing. Staying from the topic or answering an irrelevant question limits the probability of the essay to be outstanding.

Analyse the role of human activity in plant succession Free Essays

There are many factors that can affect a climax vegetation. These include climate, hydrology and soil type. Human activity also plays a major role. We will write a custom essay sample on Analyse the role of human activity in plant succession or any similar topic only for you Order Now If succession is modified or interrupted by a human influence then a plagioclimax is reached. Human activities include grazing, burning and deforestation and these processes can be collectively known as arresting factors. A plant succession begins on bare ground with light-seeded grasses, legumes and flowering plants. Over time small trees, brush and briar thickets shade out the sun loving grasses. Ultimately, light-seeded trees shade out the brush and make conditions favourable for shade loving mast producers like oaks. Deforestation involves the cutting down, burning and damaging of forests. If the current rate of deforestation continues then the world’s rainforests will disappear completely within 100 years – causing unknown effects on global climate and eliminating a majority of plant and animal species currently alive on the planet. The reasons for deforestation are complex. It is mainly carried out for agricultural reasons, e.g. grazing cattle and planting crops. Poor farmers may chop down a small area (usually a few acres) and burn the trunks in a process known as ‘slash and burn’ agriculture. Cattle pastures often replace the rainforests in order to grow beef for the world market. Another type of deforestation is known as commercial logging. This is the cutting down of trees in order to sell off as timber and pulp. This process uses heavy machinery, such as bulldozers and road graders etc to remove trees and this is detrimental to the forest and plant successions overall. Competitive global marketing drives the need for money in economically challenged tropical countries. At national level, governments sell logging concessions to raise money for projects or to pay international debt. For example, Brazil had an international debt of $159 billion in 1995 on which it must make payments each year. Logging companies seek to harvest forest and make profits from sales of pulp and valuable hardwoods e.g. mahogany. This raises the money required in order to pay back some debts. A case study of an area where deforestation has affected succession is in the Philippines. For the past 50 years the Philippines has lost 2.4 acres of hardwood forest every minute leaving only 21% of forest cover. This has been due to increasing agriculture and illegal logging. Reports of deforestation-related declines in rainfall totals and disruption of rainfall regimes have also been reported for parts of the Philippines (Alfonso, pers. comm., 1988). During the 1960s there was considerable deforestation on Mount Apo, for instance, due to the establishment of coffee plantations; and the apparent result is increasing drought. The short-term gain of deforestation, i.e. the profit to be made, is all well and good but there have been a large number of adverse effects brought about by the removal of large areas of forest. The main effects are increased soil erosion (which leads to increased flooding in most areas), reduction in biodiversity, the Greenhouse Effect, reduced fertility of land in deforested areas and disruption of the hydrological cycle. Major roads are being built through the forest to provide easier access to the underground resources like iron and aluminium ores: more trees need to be removed to mine these commodities. Inhabitants of shanty towns around Major cities in Brazil are being encouraged to move to rural areas and more land has to be cleared to accommodate these people. In third world countries forests are cut down and used to provide firewood, since this is practically the only source of fuel available to people living there. There are also a large number of new markets opening which are set to increase the demand for products, which have their origin in the tropical rainforests. These include body creams, bath oils, sweets, fruits and nuts, but as these products come into greater demand the future of the forest will be more secure because to produce a large yield of these products a large number of trees need to be grown. About 16-20 million hectares of tropical rainforests are removed each year. When trees are removed no water gets transpired back into the atmosphere from the soil. Because of this there is reduced rainfall and surrounding areas of forest are threatened with dessication and faster soil erosion because the soil is no longer held together by moisture. Another recently discovered side effect of deforestation is that it may actually help to spread diseases like malaria and river blindness. Anopheles darlingi, a mosquito that effectively spreads malaria parasites, breeds in pools of water created in deforested land, open cast mines, and on eroded land after trees have been removed. Deforestation has favoured a population explosion for this species and up to a quarter of the people living along the Transamazon highway in Brazil are affected by malaria each year. However damaging to plant succession human activities can be, the effects provide excellent conditions in which for a secondary succession to take place. A secondary succession differs from a primary succession in that it occurs in an area where a community of plants and animals has recently been wiped out, i.e. the land is already suitable for a wide diversity of species to establish themselves on. A secondary succession can happen on an area of land where a forest fire or parasite wiped out a previous climax community or which has been disturbed in some way by humans e.g. deforestation or arable farming. A secondary succession takes place much more quickly than a primary succession for two main reasons, the most obvious one being that a suitable medium already exists for the new organisms to grow in, and the other being that some seeds or spores from the last plant community can still be present in the soil after the community is destroyed. This is a positive aspect as new plant species can grow and thrive. As well as big processes such as deforestation, humans can contribute to vegetation in smaller ways. There are now varied types of species in Britain due to human interferences, modification and management. Without interference vegetation would be typically temperate forest. Today, in Britain, there are no natural woodlands at all, only semi woodlands, and there is only 2% of that. In Spain the figure for natural woodland is 28% and Sweden has a 64% woodland covering. Other interferences have caused the introduction of foreign plants such as the rhododendron or sycamores. The rhododendron was in fact imported from Japan. Other introductions to this country include the rabbit, which was imported from Spain by the Normans. Urbanisation also causes damage to plant life. High demand for housing has caused the destruction of forest and woodland, especially in the north. A rising birth rate in the twentieth century called for an increase in housing, and this needed to be conducted as cheaply and effectively as possible. As a result, miles of forests were cut down in order for building to go ahead. This s detrimental to our health as well as destroying areas of natural beauty. . Recent investigations suggest that over a third of the world’s oxygen supply is produced by the rainforests, the only larger source being algae in the sea. So cutting down trees is very damaging to our well being. How to cite Analyse the role of human activity in plant succession, Papers

Yellow Wall Paper By Gilman; Essay Example For Students

Yellow Wall Paper By Gilman; Essay Yellow Wall Paper By GilmanSigns of societys sexism in The Yellow Wall-Paper The Yellow Wallpaper is astory, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Although the work is short, it is one of themost interesting works in existence. Gilman uses literary techniques very well. The symbolism of The Yellow Wall-Paper, can be seen and employed after somethought and make sense immediately. The views and ideals of society are oftenfound in literary works. Whether the author is trying to show the ills ofsociety of merely telling a story, culture is woven onto the words. Therelationship between the narrator and her husband would be disagreeable to amodern womans relationship. Today, most women crave equality with theirpartner. The reader never learns the name of the narrator, perhaps to give theillusion that she could be any woman. On the very fist page of The YellowWall-Paper, Gilman illustrates the male dominated society and relationship. Itwas customary for men to assume that their gender knew what, when, how, and whyto do things. John, the narrators husband, is a prominent doctor and both hisand his wifes words and actions reflect the aforementioned stereotype:?John laughs at me, of course, but one expects that in marriage,? (9). Thisstatement illustrates the blatant sexism of society at the time. John does notbelieve that his wife is sick, while she is really suffering from post-partumdepression. He neglects to listen to his wife in regard to her thoughts,feelings, and health through this thought pattern. According to him, there isnot anything wrong with his wife except for temporary nerve issues, which shouldnot be serious. By closing her off from the rest of the world, he is taking heraway from things that important to her mental state; such as her ability to readand write, her need for human interaction, her need to make her own decisions. We will write a custom essay on Yellow Wall Paper By Gilman; specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now All of these are important to all people. This idea of forced rest andrelaxation to cure temporary nervous problems was very common at the time. Manydoctors prescribed it for their female patients. The narrators husband, brother,and their colleagues all feel that this is the correct way to fix her problem,which is practically nonexistent in their eyes. Throughout the beginning of thestory, the narrator tends to buy into the idea that the man is always right andmakes excuses for her feelings and his actions and words: ?It is so hard totalk to John about my case, because he is so wise and because he loves me so,?(23). In a good relationship, each partner should be able to express ones ownthoughts and feelings. Honesty in one of the most important characteristics arelationship should have. In this case, the narrator feels that she can not tellhim how she feels so as not to upset him and make him mad. When the narratordoes attempt to have a discussion with John, she ends up crying and no t beingable to express herself. John treats her like a child as men believed thatcrying something that women do and is something that shows weakness. Eventuallyshe begins to become frightened of John and as she goes bad, his normalcy isseen as queer through in her eyes. For a long time it was customary for thehouse to be able to represent a secure place for a woman. Her house was awomans place of residency as well as where women were to do their work andexpress themselves. In The Yellow Wall-Paper, the house is not even thecouples own. It is a summer rental and the narrator is forced to reside andspent the majority of her time in a room that is unpleasant to her tastes. Thishouse reverses the traditional symbol of security for the domestic activities ofa woman. However, it becomes a place for her to release her words onto paper andeventually to release her grip on reality. The room and many of its featurestwist the common comforts of a home. The room itself used to be a nursery, whi chis ironic since the narrator was sent to the house to recover from post partumdepression. The narrator comments: ?The window typically represents a view ofpossibilities. However, for the narrator it represents a view of a world thatshe can not be a part of. The window is physically barred as she is barred fromthe world physically and mentally. The bed is nailed down. The bed should be aplace of comfort for a couple, not a place where one partner is forced into alife that she does not want to live in that way. As, the title of the workshows, there is obviously something interesting to the narrator about thewallpaper. The stripes in the print of the wallpaper represent bars and thenarrator begins to see a figure behind them: ?The front pattern doesmove?and no wonder! The woman behind shakes it. Sometimes I think there are agreat many women behind, and sometimes only one,? (30). While the woman behindthe bars shakes them, the narrator can not shake the bars that keep her awayfrom rea lity. The woman represents the narrator as well as women in general andthe movement for womens rights. The narrator also can represent any woman andthe struggle that woman went though to get closer to achieving equality. .u393c8f97da23ed737a00adbce3a7cf89 , .u393c8f97da23ed737a00adbce3a7cf89 .postImageUrl , .u393c8f97da23ed737a00adbce3a7cf89 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u393c8f97da23ed737a00adbce3a7cf89 , .u393c8f97da23ed737a00adbce3a7cf89:hover , .u393c8f97da23ed737a00adbce3a7cf89:visited , .u393c8f97da23ed737a00adbce3a7cf89:active { border:0!important; } .u393c8f97da23ed737a00adbce3a7cf89 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u393c8f97da23ed737a00adbce3a7cf89 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u393c8f97da23ed737a00adbce3a7cf89:active , .u393c8f97da23ed737a00adbce3a7cf89:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u393c8f97da23ed737a00adbce3a7cf89 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u393c8f97da23ed737a00adbce3a7cf89 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u393c8f97da23ed737a00adbce3a7cf89 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u393c8f97da23ed737a00adbce3a7cf89 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u393c8f97da23ed737a00adbce3a7cf89:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u393c8f97da23ed737a00adbce3a7cf89 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u393c8f97da23ed737a00adbce3a7cf89 .u393c8f97da23ed737a00adbce3a7cf89-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u393c8f97da23ed737a00adbce3a7cf89:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Supreme Court - Judicial Activism vs. Judicial Res EssayJohns sister, Jennie, comes to help take care of the narrator. Jennie is theepitome of a woman who falls into the conventional female role: ?She is aperfect and enthusiastic housekeeper, and hopes for no better profession,?(18). The narrator attempts to keep her writing a secret from Jennie, so thather one outlet will not be taken away. At some times, it seems as though thenarrator pities Jennie and feels sorry for Jennies pathetic views. As thenarrator descends into madness, her views on society change and become moremodern. She is emancipating herself from the docile role that a woman shouldplay. Gilman uses the nar rator and the symbolism in The Yellow Wall-Paper, toshow societys views on women. The narrator eventually goes against commonculture and becomes a feminist. Men thought the feminist movement was weak anduseless, while comparatively, men like John thought their wives were weak anduseless outside the home. At the storys conclusion, the narrator wasdirecting her own footsteps and in reality, women are doing the same.

AP Calculus BC Score and Course Credit Guide

AP Calculus BC Score and Course Credit Guide Of all the Advanced Placement courses a high school student can take, AP Calculus BC is probably the one that will most impress colleges. Nearly all colleges and universities will offer college credit for a high score on the exam. This includes top engineering schools such as MIT, Stanford, and Georgia Tech. About the AP Calculus BC Exam The AP Calculus BC exam covers topics such as functions, graphs, limits, derivatives and integrals. Unlike the Calculus AB exam, it also covers  parametric, polar, and vector functions. Because the BC exam covers more material than the AB test, it often offers students higher course placement, more course credit, and greater acceptance at colleges with rigorous math programs. Most colleges and universities have a math or quantitative reasoning requirement, so a high score on the AP Calculus BC exam will often fulfill this requirement. But the exam is more difficult, and in 2018 just 139,376 students took the BC exam. By comparison, 308,538 students took the Calculus AB exam. Youll notice, however, that the average scores on the BC exam tend to be higher than those on the AB exam. Dont be fooled into thinking this means the BC exam is easier or has a more forgiving grading standard. The reality is that the scores are higher because the students who take the BC exam tend to come from schools with strong math programs. The comparison of BC and AB exam takers is fairly easy, for the College Board released AB subscores for students who take the BC exam (the content of the AB exam is part of the BC exam). In 2018, the mean score for students taking the Calculus AB exam was a 2.94. The mean AB subscore for students taking the BC exam was a 3.97. AP Calculus BC Score Information The AP Calculus BC exam tends to be taken by very strong students, so the scores are higher than most other AP exams. In 2018, 79.8% of test-takers scored a 3 or higher indicating that they might qualify for college credit. The mean was a 3.8, and scores were distributed as follows: AP Calculus BC Score Percentiles (2018 Data) Score Number of Students Percentage of Students 5 56,324 40.4 4 25,982 18.6 3 28,891 20.7 2 20,349 14.6 1 7,830 5.6 To learn more specific information about the AP Calculus BC exam, be sure to visit the official College Board website. AP Calculus BC College Course Placement The table below presents some representative data from a variety of colleges and universities. This information is meant to provide a general overview of the scoring and placement practices related to the AP Calculus BC exam. Youll want to contact the appropriate Registrars office to get AP placement information for a particular college, and the placement information can change from year to year. AP Calculus BC Scores and Placement College Score Needed Placement Credit Georgia Tech 3, 4 or 5 MATH 1501 (4 semester hours) Grinnell College 3, 4 or 5 4 semester credits; MAT 123, 124, 131; 4 additional credits are possible for a 4 or 5 LSU 3, 4 or 5 MATH 1550 (5 credits) for a 3; MATH 1550 and 1552 (9 credits) for a 4 or 5 MIT 4 or 5 18.01, Calculus I (12 units) Mississippi State University 3, 4 or 5 MA 1713 (3 credits) for a 3; MA 1713 and 1723 (6 credits) for a 4 or 5 Notre Dame 3, 4 or 5 Mathematics 10250 (3 credits) for a 3; Mathematics 10550 and 10560 (8 credits) for a 4 or 5 Reed College 4 or 5 1 credit; placement determined in consultation with the faculty Stanford University 3, 4 or 5 MATH 42 (5 quarter units) for a 3; MATH 51 (10 quarter units) for a 4 or 5 Truman State University 3, 4 or 5 MATH 198 Analytic Geometry Calculus I and MATH 263 Analytic Geometry Calculus II (10 credits) UCLA (School of Letters and Science) 3, 4 or 5 8 credits and Calculus for a 3; 8 credits and MATH 31A and Calculus for a 4; 8 credits and MATH 31A and 31B for a 5 Yale University 4 or 5 1 credit for a 4; 2 credits for a 5 A Final Word about AP Calculus BC AP classes are important in the college admissions process, and Calculus BC is one of the best AP subjects you can take. Many students struggle in math, and if you are successful in this AP class, you are showing that you are well prepared for the challenges of college-level mathematics. The course is a particularly good choice for students planning to enter engineering, science, and business fields.

Resonating with your reader

Resonating with your reader Resonating with your reader Resonating with your reader By Michael Some writers seem to think their job is to put their ideas into someone elses head. But thats not how it works. Unless youre a brain surgeon, its pretty difficult to get inside someone elses head neatly. Only in science fiction can you actually transport your meanings into another person. How easy it would be if I could perform a Vulcan mind meld on my readers to make them instantly understand everything Im trying to say. But I am not Spock, and neither are you. You cant pack your message into a freight box and be confident that it will absolutely, positively reach your readers heart. What you can do is to use words that you think might evoke the same feelings and thoughts in your reader. In school, I realized that communicating is less like two freight terminals and more like two tuning forks. Strike one fork and the other fork will resonate, if it has the same pitch. You can look at a tuning fork and read the pitch (C# or E or A flat) engraved in the handle. The problem is that, since we cant read other peoples minds, we dont always know what will resonate with them. Im actually terrible at interpersonal communication, so I usually state my ideas in several different ways, hoping I will hit upon something that will help my listener to understand me, before he or she gets impatient with me. But the tuning fork analogy breaks down in real life, with real people. The human mind is not a small set of tuning forks, each set to a precise pitch. Every person has a different life experience. Weve all read different books, which means that different words have different connotations. To one person, the will of the people reminds them of a reality TV show. To another person, it reminds them of their youth in Stalinist Russia. If I have tuning forks in my mind, I have millions of them, and most of them are set to pitches you never heard at the symphony. As a copywriter, you learn what arguments and appeals tend to convince your target market to buy your product. Each target market may respond to a different set of appeals. Some people drink a certain soft drink because they believe that everybody else does. Some people drink it because they believe that nobody else do. As a writer, the best you can do is to try to understand your readers well enough to know what effect certain words will have on them. If you pick the right illustration or analogy, their hearts will ring with yours. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph ExamplesDoes "Mr" Take a Period?Words That Begin with Q

An Examination of Means of Application and Core Function in Predicting Assignment

An Examination of Means of Application and Core Function in Predicting Crime - Assignment Example Using the example of the New York City Police Department, given in the prompt for this essay, one understands that the key inputs that the police department interfaces with in regards to building the outputs and feedbacks that are generated is made available through a weekly process of data input. In this way, personnel from New York City Police Department’s precincts, service areas, and transit districts compile a statistical summary or overview of the week’s crime data. In this way, crime patterns, arrests, complaints, and other verifiable and measurable data of significance are collated and entered into a database. This process represents the input phase, or data gathering phase that forms the very backbone of the process of CompStat. It is important to note that this process itself is the most important as it is the only stage in the process where human inputs can directly affect and oftentimes skew the results that are reported. For this reason, an individual depar tment has been set up within the Chief of Police’s office; labeled as the CompStat Unit. As such, the unit is directly responsible for winnowing, sorting, and inputting in the correct fashion, any and all pertinent information that could be of use with reference to developing a type of predictive policing to ultimately reduce the level of crime displayed within the city’s regions and precincts. ... For this reason, an individual department has been set up within the Chief of Police’s office; labeled as the CompStat Unit (Willis et al 2012). As such, the unit is directly responsible for winnowing, sorting, and inputting in the correct fashion, any and all pertinent information that could be of use with reference to developing a type of predictive policing to ultimately reduce the level of crime displayed within the city’s regions and precincts. Once the inputs have been entered into the system, the second phase of analysis then takes place; that of processing of the determinant data. This stage is reliant not upon the level of analysis that individual humans would otherwise perform; rather, it is entirely dependent upon the algorithms and likelihood matrixes that CompStat itself can infer from the inputs it has been given. As with the old cliche with regards to a computer program only being as good as the programmers that programmed the code, the same is true with relation to CompStat as it is but a tool and should not be seen as a perfect representation truth or overall infallibility. As has been stated with the input stage that has previously been discussed, the processing of the data and the outputs that it ultimately yield is solely reliant on the quality and voracity of the information that is loaded into the system. In other words, only a quality level of inputs will be processed and related into a quality level of outputs from which a degree of reasonable and actionable inference could foreseeably be drawn. The heart of the CompStat process therefore relies on each step of the process; however, for purposes of evaluation, the third step, or the outputs, is of perhaps the most interest. Within this step, a team of

Job Satisfaction Perceived Efficacy Correlation Dissertation

Job Satisfaction Perceived Efficacy Correlation - Dissertation Example Population and Sample The population for this study included all 139 South Dakota public school special education administrators, including full-time, part-time, and mixed responsibility special education administrators. The information used in the study was gathered from the South Dakota Department of Education 2010-2011 Educational Directory. Data Collection Data collection included the use of three separate surveys. Paul Spector’s Job Satisfaction Survey was used to collect job satisfaction data. Chen, Gully, and Eden’s New General Self-Efficacy Scale was used to collect perceived self-efficacy data. Finally, a researcher-developed demographic survey was utilized to collect demographic data. The survey was posted electronically and all 139 public school special education administrators in the state of South Dakota were invited to participate via email. Names and email addresses of special education administrators were gathered from the South Dakota Department of Educ ation 2010-2011 Educational Directory. A cover letter (see Appendix G) with instructions on how to access the electronic survey was sentto all public school special education administrators in the state of South Dakota, via email. ... The invitees completed 35 useable surveys, accounting for a study response rate of 25.2 percent. Demographics Selected demographic characteristics of the study respondents are presented in Table 4.1. The two largest groups of respondents were aged 36-50 and 50 and over, with each category making up 40 percent of the respondents, while those aged 35 or younger represented 20 percent of the respondents. The majority of respondents were female, representing 71.4 percent. It is important to note that all demographics were computed using the responses provided by respondents. Not all respondents completed all questions. Masters Degrees represented the highest level of education for 40 percent of respondents, which was the largest group. Those holding a Bachelors Degree accounted for 22.9 percent of the respondents. Both the Education Specialist and Doctorate degree each represented 20 percent of the respondents. The current certification question allowed respondents to check all that appl ied so that some respondents selected multiple current certifications. The largest number of respondents, 57.6 percent, responded that their current certification was Special Education Director. Pre-K-8 Principals accounted for 11.4, while 7-12 Secondary Principals comprised 6 percent of respondents. Similarly superintendents also accounted for 6 percent of respondents. One respondent selected Superintendent and Special Education Director, one respondent chose PK-12 Principal, Superintendent, and Special Education Director as his or her current level of certification, one respondent chose PK-8 Principal and Superintendent as his or her current level of certification, and one respondent selected PK-8 Principal, Superintendent and

Media Essays Magazines Men Women

Media Essays Magazines Men Women Magazines Men Women Literature Review Many scholars have argued the media play an increasingly central role within contemporary society, and the shaping of identities (Holmes, 2007; McRobbie, 2000). Kellner (1994, cited in Durham, 1995, p.2) argues the media provide individuals with the materials to forge their identity and sense of selfhood; including our notions of male and female and what it means to be good or bad. As a medium, magazines have not been studied in as much depth as newspapers, television and radio. However they are still an important cultural tool and a valuable medium to study, with a unique function ‘to bring high-value interpretative information to specifically defined, yet national audiences’ (Abrahamson, 1996, cited in Holmes, 2007, p.511). The analysis of images within magazines is a valid way of studying gender roles and relations according to Butler and Paisley (1980, p.49). They argue images formed from mediated precepts become part of a viewer’s conception of themselves. Vigorito and Curry (1998, p. 136) point out that popular culture is ‘increasingly visual’, and that magazine pictures ‘carry significant messages about cultural norms and values, including the norms of gender relations’. In a study of the pictorial images featured in Playboy and Cosmopolitan, Krassas et al (2001, p.752) argue that images within magazines ‘have a demonstrable effect on how we think about ourselves’, and that they ‘explicitly advise the reader about how to look and act’. The following study that is predominantly image-based analysis is therefore a legitimate and valid way of studying the sample material. Research into masculinity and male depiction within women’s magazines has been scarce according to many scholars (Holmes, 2007; Farvid and Braun, 2006; Vigorito and Curry, 1998), with most research focused on ‘the social construction of femininity’ (Vigorito and Curry, 1998, p.135). However, with an established theory that identifies gender as a social construct that defines masculinity as historically reactive to changing definitions of femininity (Kimmel, 1995, p.14), the study of the representation of men and their roles within women’s magazines has become increasingly significant. As Farvid and Braun (2006) explain: The focus on men is particularly relevant because, in a heteronormative world, male and female sexualities are constructed simultaneously. Therefore, although previous examination of femininity/female sexuality in magazines have been useful, they are only partially complete, as female (hetero)sexuality is also constructed through the magazines’ account of male (hetero)sexuality (p.298). The following study concerned with the sexual representation of men in contemporary women’s magazines is therefore pertinent to existing theory. As the majority of studies are also American and at least five years old, there is justification for a contemporary, English study on the sexual presentation of men in women’s magazines. In his observation of women’s magazines, Gauntlett (2002, p.51) notes that the changes in content coincide with societal changes in gender relations. The 1940s and 1950s saw the emphasis was centred on a domesticated ‘simpering housewife’, that saw education and careers as the masculinisation of women. The 1960s saw the sexual revolution that marked the seeds of change within society and women’s magazines. From this time the sexual longings of all women including the ‘respectable’ and the unmarried, could openly be acknowledged and discussed (Wouters 1998, p.188). In the 1970s and 1980s magazines continued to change, to account for women and their changing positions within society (Gauntlett 2002, p.52). Attwood (2004, p.15) argues since the 1990s popular media has depicted ‘new sexualities’, which break existing norms of feminine behaviour by addressing women as ‘knowing and lustful’. McNair (2002, p.88) has also noted that we increasingly live in a ‘striptease culture’ that is focused on ‘sexual confession and self-revelation’, that manifests itself within print media. On a broad level, the following study is concerned with how this emerging sexual discourse within the media and society is manifested within women’s magazines. Alongside changing societal values and morals, there are strong arguments suggesting the content of women’s magazines can be directly influenced by the interests of advertisers. In the relentless search for new markets by advertisers, erotic images of men are designed to appeal to both liberated women as well as the new male consumer (Rohlinger, 2002, p.61). In the 1990s, rumours circulated that women’s magazine Company, had found a sales formula relating to circulation figures with the number of times the word ‘sex’ appeared on the cover lines (Gough-Yates, 2003, p.139). Consumers that buy young women’s magazines also have the most desirable demographic to advertisers – young, single, employed, well educated and urban – and are the most likely to buy a magazine for it’s coverage of sex (Rohlinger, 2002, p.61). There is a general agreement that the content of women’s magazines has reached a sexual peak in today’s society. Sex ‘sets the tone, defines the pace, and shapes the whole environment’ of women’s magazines (McRobbie, 1996, p.177). There is currently a ‘lust revival, an acceleration in the emancipation of sexuality’ (Wouters, 1998, p.200). Winship (2000, p.43) argues sexual discourse, which was once a private dialogue, has been re-positioned in a public space, moving it from a private to a public discourse. Attwood (2004, p.15) supports this idea, arguing that ‘sexy images have become the currency of the day’. Not only has the sheer volume of sexual coverage increased dramatically, Scott (1985, p. 387) points out that there has also been a complete liberalisation of the treatment of sex within women’s magazines. Sexuality has replaced romance as the ideological focus – with a more pronounced emphasis on ‘strong, frank, and explicitly sexual representations’ (McRobbie, 1996, p.192). With sexuality replacing romance as the ideological focus of women’s magazines, Giddens (1992, p.1-2) argues sexuality has been released from the confines of a heterosexual, monogamous, procreative hegemony and has been replaced with ‘sexual pluralism’, a sexual identity defined and structured by individual choice. This individual choice and ‘sexual pluralism’ can be seen within the pages of women’s magazines as young women are actively encouraged to be ‘sexual actors, even predators’ in their search for sex (Gauntlett, 2002, p.206). Gauntlett (2002, p.97) supports Giddens arguments for a post-traditional society, referring to the increased levels of divorce and separation as individuals move from one relationship to another. Furthermore, Wouters (1998, p.208) argues there is now a ‘sexualisation of love and an eroticisation of sex’. With the liberalisation of women’s magazines in favour of a more sexually confident standpoint, debates surround the change in attitude and treatment towards men in favour of an objectified, sexist approach. Men, it has been argued, are no longer treated with respect ‘but could be seen as inadequate, or the butt of jokes’ (Gauntlett, 2002, p.53). As Wolf (1994) explains: Male sexuality, once cloaked in prohibitions that kept women from making comparisons, is under scrutiny, and the secrets of male virility are on display (p.24). After years of women complaining about the objectification of their bodies, the male body was ‘on display: cut up, close up and oh! so tastefully lit’ (Moore, 1988, p.45). As women’s magazines became more sexual, the availability of men’s bodies as sex objects became ‘central to this emergent discourse’ (Ticknell et al, 2003, p.54). Counter to the argument of women’s magazines as a stage for demeaning and objectifying men, is the admittance this it is something men’s magazines have been doing for decades, and since both sexes chooses to do so it probably doesn’t matter in sexism terms (Gauntlett, 2002, p.174). Women’s magazines also do not treat men as just bodies or ‘sex machines’ all the time; they are also presented as thoughtful, emotional beings (Gauntlett, 2002, p.188). Additionally, it could be argued that far from being an ‘emergent’ discourse, the male appearance has been available for the viewing pleasure of women for centuries. In the nineteenth century, a man’s physical appearance was taken as a sign of intelligence and morality, and women were invited to view men’s bodies as a sign of their superiority and harmony (Stern, 2003, p.220). Despite evidence to suggest it is not a valid criticism that women’s magazines objectify men; the viewing of men’s bodies in today’s society is done so in a mainstream context, using mechanisms historically associated purely with men and how they look at women, signalling that, for the first time, ‘erotic spectacles had crossed gender boundaries’ (Moore, 1988, p. 47). Laura Mulvey, in her essay ‘Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema’ (1975), first introduced the idea of the ‘male gaze’; Mulvey argued that mainstream Hollywood cinema primarily sets out to satisfy the unconscious desires of men. She argued that male characters do most of the looking within films, making them the (active) subjects, and female characters are looked at, making them the (passive) objects. Male spectators identify with the male protagonist, and female spectators, Mulvey says, are also compelled to take the viewpoint of the central male character, denying women of their own perspective. A temporary masculinisation is the only way Mulvey can offer pleasure for the women viewer. And while the male hero in the film cannot be viewed as a sexual object, ‘according to the principles of the ruling ideology’, he can be admired by men narcissistically as an ideal version of the self (1975, p.14). Perhaps the biggest problem with Mulvey’s argument is the denial of a female gaze (Gauntlett, 2002, p.39). As Moore points out, To suggest that women actually look at men’s bodies is apparently to stumble into a theoretical minefield which holds sacred the idea that in the dominant media the look is always already structured as male. (Moore, 1988, p.45). Support for Mulvey’s masculinised female viewing is found in Krassas et al’s (2001) comparative study of gender roles in Cosmopolitan and Playboy. The study concluded that both magazines reflected the male gaze, regardless of audience, because both portrayed women as sex objects and the main concept within both was the idea of women attracting and sexually satisfying men. Additionally, if gaze behaviour is characterised by the viewing of a passive object, Schauer (2005, p.57) argues men are often pictured in traditional roles with power tools, hammers, army uniforms and so on, to show a engagement in an activity as a ‘strategy to offset the passivity of being looked at’. If this is the case, Mulvey’s framework of the gaze cannot be applied to women. However, since their earliest days, movies have included and celebrated attractive men whose sexual magnetism has no doubt drawn women into cinemas (Gauntlett, 2002, p.39). Since Mulvey’s argument, various writers have argued for the inclusion of the female spectator within the framework of the gaze and Gauntlett describes Mulvey’s argument as ‘untenable’ (2002, p.39). Van Zoonen (1994, p.97) argues Mulvey’s analysis of patriarchal cinema is ‘dark and suffocating’, which has lost ground to an alternative ‘more confident and empowering’ approach to female spectatorship that allows a ‘subversive’ way of viewing the texts. Moore (1988, p.59) also makes the case for a female gaze, arguing that it does not simply replicate a ‘monolithic and masculinised stare, but instead involves a whole variety of looks and glances – an interplay of possibilities.’ Attwood (2004, p.15) argues that in today’s society, objectification is a necessary precondiction for erotic gazing in a narcissistic culture ‘where the body is widely represented as an object for display’. In this climate, there is a ‘strong encouragement for a female gaze and the creation of a space for male narcissism’ (MacKinnon, 1997, p.190). Therefore, securing the gaze of others connotes ‘desirability and self-importance for both women and men’ (Attwood, 2004, p.15). It could be argued therefore, that women’s magazines may provide a stage for the objectification of men which in a ‘narcissistic culture’ is both inevitable and desirable. The following study is concerned with whether there is evidence of a female gaze within women’s magazines that fits within Mulvey’s framework of gaze. Thus, whether men are actively viewed by women as passive objects. Furthermore, Mulvey points out that the appearance of women are often coded for strong visual and erotic impact, so that they can be said to connote ‘to-be-looked-at-ness’ (1989, p.10). This element will be analysed in the examination of the images of men within the three chosen magazines to discover if men display the same visual codes and therefore imply they are receiving a female gaze. The growing preoccupation with sex and male bodies within women’s magazines has come under much debate by theorists, with one of the most passionately critical arguing they are morally reprehensible, offering ‘a depressing portrait of the modern British woman’ (Anderrson and Mosbacher, 1997, p.18). Women were described as dishonest and crude, with ‘no moral standard at all’ (p.56). Women can be, once corrupted, both more disgusting and degraded than men. As Shakespeare said, ‘Lilies that fester smell far worse than weeds’. (Burrows in Anderrson and Mosbacher, 1997, p.57) Despite the passionate and dramatic way the report denounced the content of women’s magazines and their sexual content, the arguments put forward were branded as outdated and rigid, with the overwhelming consensus agreeing that the liberalisation and sexualisation of magazines were, although not perfect, a good and liberating thing nonetheless. Magazines borrow from feminist discourse, which imply to their readership a genuine commitment to the equality of men and women in their sexual worth (Tyler, 2004, p.96). The depictions of female sexuality are an empowered one, as there are representations of young women as sexually active and independent with the right to desire sex and receive sexual pleasure. The magazines can therefore be seen as sexually liberating and offering an image of sexual agency for women (Farvid and Braun, 2006, p.299). The main elements and issues covered by women’s magazines all figure ‘high in the feminist agenda’, and confirm that women’s magazines strive to provide an image of equality (McRobbie, 1999, p.57). Others argue however, that regardless of the emergent sexual discourse which implies women’s magazines provide a feminist message for readers; the obsession with men in the magazine’s reinforce an earlier notion that believes men are the route to happiness, and in reinforcing this attitude, they are legitimising and naturalising patriarchal domination (Farvid and Braun, 2006, p.296). The ideological underpinnings conform to rigid and traditional norms. These constructions position women as objects of male desire and underscore women’s subordinate position in contemporary society’ (Durham, 1995, p.18). Furthermore, it has been argued that women’s magazines use sex as a faà §ade to represent women as dangerous and daring through sex when in fact, the sexual acts represented are only ‘mildly transgressive’, and are actually based on traditional gender roles (Machin and Thornborrow, 2003, p.455). The theory of women’s magazines presenting traditional and stereotypical gender roles in the subtle undertones of the magazine’s, mirrors the opinion theorists felt about women’s magazine’s in the 1940s and 1950s; that they projected the image of a ‘simpering housewife’. Admittedly the appropriate roles for men and women were referred to more explicitly in those times, however it still implies that both present essentially the same message: that men are the route to happiness (Klassen et al, 1993). Goffman’s (1979) study into gender stereotypes within advertisements commented on how different poses portray messages about masculinity and femininity. He found that ‘women were often portrayed in very stereotypical ways, such as in submissive or family roles and in lower physical and social positions than men’ (Baker, 2005, p.14). A number of theorists adopted his methods for analysing magazine images, all of which supported his findings that gender is stereotyped within images; with women portrayed as submissive and passive, and men as dominant and superior (Kang, 1997; Klassen et al, 1993; Krassas et al, 2001; Vigorito and Curry, 1998). Similarly, Kim and Ward (2004, p.48-49) argue that women’s magazines skew the portrayal of males and females to their target audience so that editors, writers and advertisers can take advantage of gender myths and fears. In contrast to this traditional view of gender is McRobbie’s (1999, p.50) argument that it is wrongly assumed the ideology of the magazine’s will be absorbed in a direct way by readers. Hermes (1995, p.148) supports this argument suggesting that readers only connect with part of what a magazine is saying, and cultural studies makes the mistake of assuming that ‘texts are always significant’. Additionally Gauntlett (2002, p.207) points out that the encouragement of women to be active in their search for sex is a rejection ‘of passive femininity’, and ‘is feminist progress’. He adds that while women’s magazines may have a large proportion of content concerned with finding the right man, women are aggressively seeking out partners rather than waiting for a ‘nice husband to come along’ (p.191). He therefore rejects the idea of women being presented as passive, subservient beings which is a traditional notion of femininity. The presence of men as objects to be viewed by women is in itself also a way in which traditional gender ideologies is subverted within the magazines. This approach to men is traditionally only associated with the way men have treated women (Gauntlett, 1999, p.188). Though there are convincing arguments for both sides of the argument; that women’s magazines either present a feminist message, or a traditional ideological message, most scholars agree women’s magazines ‘do not construct a single mythic meaning of feminine identity, or present one ideological position for their readers. Instead, the discourses of women’s magazines are mixed, somewhat contradictory’ (Bignell, 1997, p.56-57). The oppositional arguments surrounding the extent to which gender is presented within women’s magazines leads McRobbie (1994, p.163) to believe there are ‘spaces for negotiation’ within women’s magazines, and that they bring ‘half a feminist message’ to women that would not otherwise receive it. In support of this, Hollows (2000, p.195) argues the feminist messages that are within women’s magazines produce spaces ‘where meanings can be contested, with results that might not be free of contradictions, but which do signify shifts in regimes of representation.’ Within the following study I wish to identify to what extent gender is portrayed as stereotypical and traditional, and how this is negotiated within the ‘emergent’ sexual discourse of the magazine’s, specifically in the objectification of men. Alongside this aim, I also wish to identify whether there is evidence of a female gaze in which men are presented in a way that implies they will receive an active sexual objectifying gaze.

History of Womens Football in England Essay

I have chosen to do my essay about the history of women’s football in England. I’ve chosen to write about this because it is a topic which I am interested in as I play for a girl’s football team inside school and out. Also I would like to find out more about women’s football and where and when it all started. In this essay you will find out about the basic history of women’s football heading all the way back from 1895 to present day. I will also write a comparison between men’s football and women’s and share my opinion about 1895-1920 On the 6th April 1895 the first ever women’s football game took place at Preston Park, Brighton. The event was organised to raise funds for local medical charities. In the match North beat South 7-1. Up to 1920 no more women’s matches took place until the first women’s international game when Dick Kerr’s English ladies took on the French Ladies. The result was a 2-0 victory to England; this game had a huge audience of 25,000 people. On Boxing Day 1920 a match took place between Preston and St Helens, Preston winning 4-0. It was the biggest crowd to date for a women’s match with 53,000 spectators. 1921 In 1921 another big match was supposed to take place between London and Paris. This match never went ahead due to the FA. The FA issued a ban against womens football. They stated ‘the game of football is quite unsuitable for females and ought not to be encouraged’. This meant any women caught playing football on the grounds of an affiliated club would be punished for breaking the law. Many women were disgusted by the decision and thought it was very unfair to do this. If I was around in this time I would also be very aggravated by the decision and I would be offended that they still allow men to play. 1969-1971 After 48 years of womens football being banned women wanted to change this. They started to become very annoyed a started campaigning. After a few campaigns 44 women got together to form The Womens Football Association (WFA). They were hoping that they would slowly gain back the right to play womens football. Two years later in 1971 the FA council lifted the ban against women which allowed women to play football once again. It had been fifty years since they had been allowed to play so they knew that the game would be no longer as popular as it was and it would take a while to get it back to the way it was. Not long after the ban was lifted women were advertising for football teams all around the country. 1991-1994 Since 1971 womens football slowly grew bigger and bigger with many small local leagues playing all around the country. In 1991 the WFA launched a national league. It started off with 24 clubs from all around the country it was pretty similar to the womens league we have today. Two years later they found that the league had been very successful so the WFA decided to host a cup competition. In 1993 the WFA held a national cup competition with 137 teams entering from across the nation. Womens football was slowly becoming bigger and gaining popularity. In 1994 the FA took on the administration of the Womens Nation League and the League Cup competition. The league then became The FA Womens Premier League (FAWPL). 1997-1998 In 1997 the FA decided that they were going to develop womens football from the grassroots to the elite level. This meant that more young girls could get involved to gain popularity. In 1998 the first 20 Centres of Excellence were established for young girls. Sponsors were gained for the league and the cup competitions; this raised the profile of the women’s game. Also in 1998 Hope Powell was appointed as the first full-time coach for the England’s Women’s international side. This was a very big thing for the nation. I think this helped the game increase its popularity because it got more people involved in the game from an early age which meant in the future decade’s womens football should be a very popular game. 1999-2002 In 1999 England entered their first Fifa World Cup. The competition was held in the USA and which saw tickets sold out for most matches and over 90,000 at the Final. There had been a competition called the Women’s World Championship. This was just like a world cup and it was held in 1991 but England didn’t participate. In 2002 researchers found that football had become the top participated sport for girls and women of England. The FA had not planned for this to happen for another 3 years, so they were well ahead of schedule. 2005-Present In 2005 the UEFA Womens Championship was held in England. The opening matches attracted around 29,000 spectators per game, with around 2.9 million people watching the games live on BBC Two. The tournament was attended by over 115,000 fans within 15 matches. England went out in the group stages, but got a lot of recognition across the nation. Since then womens football has gradually become more popular and has reached the level it is at today. I think it has done well to regain its popularity after the fifty year ban, but I don’t think it will ever get back to the popular state which it was in before the game got banned. FA’s Plan for the Future of Women’s Football The FA has many plans to increase the growth of womens football. They are introducing it to younger people across the country by holding taster days and trials for many football clubs. Also the FA is trying to expand the womens football league into two different leagues just like the men’s. Here is an extract from the article the FA released ‘The Football Association is considering introducing a two-tier Women’s Super League (WSL) in 2014. The eight teams that took part in the inaugural WSL season, which ended in August with Arsenal winning the title, have been offered new licences. Sixteen teams had initially applied for membership in 2010, with Sunderland and Nottingham Forest missing out. An FA statement said: â€Å"Plans being discussed include exploring the introduction of a second tier in 2014.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ I think this is a good idea because it will make the game become more popular across the co untry. Also with more leagues being introduced this means more spectators which will mean more money is being funded into the association. What I think of the Future of Women’s Football I think womens football has done very well to get back to where it is today due to the ban for fifty years. However, I don’t think that womens football will ever get to the stage like men’s because men’s football has had a lot more time to reach this popularity. Also there is a huge amount of money in the association and it would be practically impossible for women to get to that amount. I do think that womens football will grow bigger and younger girls will start to get involved. The only problem with this is it will take quite some time but they have to make up the time from the ban. Comparison When it comes to football men and women play the exact same game but one seems to be a lot more popular, the men’s. Men’s football was first found in 1314 which is nearly 700 years ago and womens football was first found in 1895 which is not even 120 years ago. Therefore there was 581 years between men and womens football. Somehow this has managed to affect the popularity in the game as it is very rare to find womens football on television when it is averaged that there is one male football match per week shown on television. If you wanted to be a professional footballer whatever sex you are you would get paid, but there is a significant amount of money difference between the genders. The average male Manchester City player would receive around  £86,280 per week plus bonuses and the average female Arsenal player would receive around  £3,000 per week that means that there is  £83280 different in the wages they receive each week. Opinion I think that womens football is different today than men’s because the FA banned it. I think if women were able to play football all the way through the 20th Century I think womens and men’s football would be similar in popularity and the wages. I also think that is very silly that the games are treated differently because they both play the same game, 90 minutes each week and the male are treated much better and receive the better pay when they both do the same job.

The Definition of Corporate Social Responsibility - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5589 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Sociology Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Tags: Social Responsibility Essay Did you like this example? 1.0 Chapter 2 Literature Review A literature review of research was carried out to put light into the definition of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as this differs from country to country and different authors have modelled different definition for CSR. This makes the study of CSR more complex. Also factors influencing the strategic issues of CSR are also reviewed. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Definition of Corporate Social Responsibility" essay for you Create order Electronic database is used such as emerald to select appropriate   articles. This   review of literature is worked out on published research on CSR, CSR strategies and benefits. The first focal point is on the definition of CSR, then the strategies of CSR in business was reviewed and the benefits associated with the strategic management of CSR. The main aim of this review is to sum up the studies in relation to the integration of CSR in its core business to gain advantage to the target group that receive the CSR and also to the business in the long run to place the business at a competitive advantage. Findings on environment have also been taken into consideration. 1.1 2.1 Theoretical Review 1.1.1 Models, Concepts, Frameworks In the book ‘Corporate Social Responsibility by Crowther D and Aras G, 2008, Milton Friedman (1970) stated that â€Å"there is one and only one social responsibility of business- to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud† So we can understand that according to Friedmans 1970 theory the sole responsibility of the business is to capitalise profit. According to Friedman (1970 cited in   Galbreath 2009, p.111   ), it is the firm responsibility to meet the economic needs and that only leads to the welfare of the society and it is the role of the government, service organizations, educational institution to meet the societal welfare. Galbreath, (2009) cited that after the publication of the thesis of Friedman, (1970)  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   there was much research on the social responsibili ties of the firm. Galbreath, (2009) states that ‘In the late 1970s, Carroll (1979) offered one of the first and perhaps still the most widely accepted conceptualisations of CSR (Matten and Crane, 2005). In Galbreath (2009), Carrolls (1979) model conceptualises the responsibilities of the firm as: the economic responsibility to generate profits; the legal responsibility to comply by local, state, federal, and relevant international laws; the ethical responsibility to meet other social expectations, not written as law (e.g. avoiding harm or social injury, respecting moral rights of individuals, doing what is right, just, fair); and the discretionary responsibility to meet additional behaviours and activities that society finds desirable (e.g. philanthropic initiatives such as contributing   money to various kinds of social or cultural enterprises). The last concept applies to the Mauritian context where NGOs are engaged in the philanthropic activities. They are funded by firms making profit and 1% of the profit after tax is given to the NGOs to look at the vulnerable groups in Mauritius , the other 1% goes to the contribution of programs offered by government, (NEF, 2008). NEF,2008 cited that the economics needs of the firm are met to comply with CSR. The firm has to contribute 2% of its profit after tax in the CSR fund. If the firms make no profit then there is no contribution to CSR. This brings to the circular Mauritian model In Mauritius, the government uses the profit for the welfare of the society. 1.1.2 Activities not meeting the criteria of CSR in Mauritius The following activities do not fall under the definition of CSR IN Mauritius, NEF (2008): Contribution for religious activities Contribution to activities discriminating on the basis of race, place of origin, political opinion, colour or creed. Contribution to Trade Unions Sponsorship for marketing purposes Contribution for political parties Shareholders and Senior Staff benefits (schemes benefiting staff and/ or their family members and shareholders holding more than 5% of shareholding) Staff welfare cost (including e.g. current and future staff training costs), Activities which are against public safety and national interest. In Galbreath (2009), Friedmans (1970) social responsibilities, stakeholder theory and corporate social responsibility, Carroll (1979) are normative: they give a description of what the dos and donts of the firm in terms of their societal responsibilities (Rodriguez et al., 2002) Katamba D and Gisch-Boie (2008) made a study with regards to CSR in Uganda a developing country. They stated that CSR is a new concept in Uganda and the study was carried out to know the perceptions of CSR, approaches and needs of companies in the matter of CSR.   The CSR defined by company managers in Uganda as stated by Katamba D and Gisch-Boie (2008)   are â€Å"when companies consider the interests of society by taking responsibility for the impact of their activities on customers, suppliers, employees, shareholders, communities and other stkaholders as well as the environment.† â€Å"how companies manage their business processes to produce on overall positive impact on society.† â€Å"considering all stakeholders while making business decisions that manage stakeholders relationships â€Å"giving back to society and cementing the bond of the company to society through demonstrating the caring heart of the company† Katamba D and Gisch-Boie (2008) made the observations that large companies in Uganda do not have a CSR strategy and they cannot satisfy all the requests of communities and NGOs. The Government of Mauritius has catered for the approved programmes relating to socio economic development, Health, leisure and sport, environment, education and training and catastrophe, (NEF, 2008). The NEF has an important role to play to drive firms to CSR strategies. The Government of Mauritius stated in NEF (2008)   has set up a guiding principle with the general purpose of   directing registered companies to give 2% of their book profit to programmes contributing to the social and environmental development of the country. NEF (2008) stated the objectives of the fund   to: Support firms to administer their own agenda, resulting in the triple reporting aspect, that is, the economic, social and environmental development. Ease the involvement of the companies to sustain existing Approved National Programmes applied by Companies, national agencies or NGOs support a serviceable society to NGOs working with the approved national development program 1.2 Empirical Review 1.2.1 Applied Studies and Findings Research gaps In Sidsel Grimstad (2011) pp. 73-74, Shrivastava and Hart (1994) suggested green politics will be among the powerful forces of economic, social, and political change,   businesses and managerial theory have to change them drastically to hold environmental distress. In the same paper In Sidsel Grimstad (2011) pp. 73-74, stated that after more than ten years, Kallio and Nordberg (2006)   there are still questions that have not been answered regarding firms and their link with the natural environment. These questions are : â€Å" what is the organisations relationship with the natural environment? Why does integration of concerns for the natural environment happen within organisations? Where does it happen? Who does it happen to? How does it happen? What are the consequences of an integration of the organisation and the natural environment? â€Å" (Sidsel Grimstad 2011 stated by Kallio and Nordberg   (2006 )) They also found that while con siderable empirical research had been done, there were few development of theory conbining organizational and management theories with natural environment. Sidsel Grimstad (2011) stated that few research has been carried out to assess how prolonged actions affects firms or clusters competitiveness and the way natural environment is bonded to the involved firms of organisations (businesses, government, non-profit, or others)   day to day activities (Gladwin et al., 1995; Kallio and Nordberg, 2006). Little has been done to judge against framework, local formal and informal institutions while looking at business-driven environmental action (GjÃÆ' ¸lberg, 2009; Halme et al., 2009; Hart, 1995 cited in Sidsel Grimstad (2011) ) Sidsel Grimstad (2011) found from the above literature review comes up many knowledge gap. He states that more study   examining how firms operates and implements environmental action, the insight of environmental action, the reason they ar e doing it, what they see as main factors for the environment and business to mutually develop and benefit each other, the way they carry out environmental action, the way they organize and the short and long term consequences for the environment and society.   Sidsel Grimstad (2011),More concept is required the forming of   the relationships between the natural environment business organizations and competitive advantage. Sidsel Grimstad (2011) cited that â€Å" More comparative research is required analysing how businesses deal with environmental issues within different contexts and different national institutional frameworks.† Sidsel Grimstad (2011)   cited that â€Å"When faced with serious environmental issues, it would be expected that the way/mode and means a business, a business cluster or society will respond to the environmental challenge will differ according to the countrys formal and informal institutions.† Sidsel Gri mstad (2011) stated that these matters would be more outstanding in areas where the natural environment and landscape encompasses basis for tourism as an additional strategy for earning income for businesses based on agriculture. Sidsel Grimstad (2011) also found that â€Å".. it would be expected that agriculture based tourism businesses would have a vested interest in going beyond compliance with the environmental regulatory systems. In addition such clusters would also perceive the natural landscape as a prerequisite for value-adding for their tourism businesses in the future and are therefore worth taking care of.† Sidsel Grimstad (2011) found that the two countries chosen, Norway and Australia have clearly different situations and organizational frameworks when dealing with environmental management in rural areas. He chose two business-driven green initiatives have been identified and there are still on-going research. Sidsel Grimstad (2011)   cited that re â€Å"They are self-defined or self-organised clusters, in as such they do not follow administrative or geographical borders, but rather are based on a common business focus agriculture-based tourism in a geographical area where the borders have been defined by the business community itself through formal organisations such as local chambers of commerce.† He also stated that they hold the definition of clusters given by Porter (1998), that describes these geographic clusters of interrelated firms and institutions in a specific field. Sidsel Grimstad (2011) also stated that the clusters include both suppliers of provider of inputs, services, and education( universities, training), and later stage of businesses centered on customers that both compete and work together. In Australia the associating organisation is a Chamber of Commerce in a wine tourism region, and in Norway is a farming of apple and tourism region, a shareholding firm has been set up with the o bjective of promoting continuing improvement in the area, (Sidsel Grimstad 2011). In Norway, the area in agriculture has received much subsidy to cater for both self-sufficiency in essential foods and secondly in sustaining the rural population. the subsidies in agriculture have been drastically reduced in the last decade, but they have been turned towards subsidies for farm-based ecological protection and preservation. These have led to new ventures in tourism sector for a new value-adding strategy. The above extract is from (Sidsel Grimstad 2011). Sidsel Grimstad 2011 also found in his study that traditional farming has been drifted towards   a mix of farming and agri-tourism, preceded by the principles of geo-tourism. In Sidsel Grimstad ( 2011) the definition of   Geo-tourism is given by â€Å" tourism that sustains or enhances the geographical character of a place its environment, culture, aesthetics, heritage, and the well-being of its residents (Nat ional Geographic Society, 2009).† Sidsel Grimstad ( 2011) stated that small agricultutal sector tourism clusters have been founded by the concepts of   geo-tourism that they call landscape parks that are natural and cultural regions described by the natural landscape and by the identification of local population.   The development of home agro and tourism have to undertaken in an sensitive way Taking care of the environment that must be attractive to both local people and the tourist (Sidsel Grimstad, 2011). From the above extract this leads to the creating of strategies to look after the issues of sustaining and preserving environment. Mauritius being a tourism industry can give importance to the environmental programs for maintaining and preserving it keeping in mind the problems that are the world is facing towards natural ecological change. 1.3 2.3 Case Studies Added on17/04/11 Volker Turk (2003) has worked in a paper e-business and CSR- the business case for the new economy. The paper looked at the major significance   for corporations working in the ICT and e-business sector concerning environmental and social issues. Volker TÃÆ' ¼rk (2003) developed an essential finding from the research that is e-business is not entirely virtual but it is related to the use of natural resources. Volker TÃÆ' ¼rk (2003), identified key factors influencing the ecological consequences of environmental ICTs and e-application. He identified them as â€Å"Monitoring the environmental impacts of ICT and e-business, greening the hardware, shifting to e-services, enabling transport efficiencies, raising awareness and changing habits, recognize and extent the (digital) responsibility, acknowledge the technologies limitations and risks, Improve sustainability and accountability along supply-chains. social responsibilities are differen t from social issues but closely linked (Galbreath 2009). The society have expectations on the firm and these are social responsibilities. These responsibilities are related to factors. These are social issues. These factors can have an effect on the ability of the firm to meet objectives , and can also affect the social responsibilities. This view has been supported in the work of Galbreath (2009). ELABORATE HERE Galbreath (2009) states that ‘In this sense, these definitions help to describe what the â€Å"firm side† of the social contract (Donaldson and Dunfee, 1994, 1999) between business and society consists of. On one hand, the â€Å"formal† social contract defines a firms explicit responsibilities, including generating returns for shareholders, obeying laws and regulations, creating jobs, paying taxes, and honouring private contracts. On the other hand, the â€Å"semiformal† social contract reflects societys implicit expectations. He re, societys unspoken expectations of firms include responsibilities such as adherence to global labour and environmental standards (e.g. SA 8000, AA 1000, ISO 14031) that are not required by law, triple bottom-line reporting, following industry norms and codes of conduct, fulfilling brand promises and contributing philanthropically to the community. Scholars have looked at the social issues concept, mainly through the life-cycle approach (cited in Galbreath (2009), Lamertz et al., 2003). Although several definitions exist, a widely accepted definition in the life-cycle tradition describes social issues as: ‘Social problems that may exist objectively but become â€Å"issues† requiring managerial attention when they are defined as being problematic to society or an institution within society by a group of actors or stakeholders capable of influencing either governmental action or company policy (Mahon and Waddock, 1992, p. 20; emphasis added). Galbreath (2009) e xpressed this view. The definition implies that social problems exist at the societal level (but not necessarily at the organizational level)   and these problems are   elevated to the â€Å"status† of a social issue by the actions of various actors, including stakeholders. However, such a definition does not address how these social problems and issues might be an opportunity for the firm and thus, is problematic with respect to the concept of strategy. Galbreath (2001) cited that ‘some firms signal that CSR is a fundamental purpose mission of their existence. As part of its mission, The Body Shop makes cosmetics that do not hurt animals. Here, The Body Shop has addressed a social issue animal cruelty through the very core of their business: developing the highest quality, innovative, effective and safe cosmetic products. A bank with a heart The Mauritian bank, Mauritius Commercial Bank (MCB) is involved in ‘Corporate Social Responsibility to serve the communities by not only by financing of projects but also to build and sustain schemes for social, environmental and economic welfare of the community. The MCB Group contributes 2% of its bok profits annually to the MCP Forward Foundation . This extract is from MCB Ltd,2010. Another example of Corporate Social Responsibility in a   Mauritian company is the IBL Children (Schumpeter, 1934; Nelson and Winter, 1982; Jacobson, 1992) economic growth can be attained through innovation.   (Schumpeter, 1934; Jacobson, 1992; Hill and Deeds, 1996; Chan Kim and Mauborgne, 2004)   presented the views below. Innovation can be an opportunity to meet social needs and deal with social issues instead of considering them as a threat. The knowledge acquired from the target markets, target customer needs and the unmet social needs and/or social issues directly from the market, can be used to explore the opportunity to reach new markets and gain competitive advantage. This can be done by introducing new customer offerings, developing new processes or creating new market segments. Gabreath , 2009 cited that Corporate managers admit that CSR is a vital reflection for motivating achievement. But they acknowledge to be under pressure to anticipate about the uncertainty of unmet social needs or social matters that will affect their business or how to devel op strategies to cater for these problems (Galbreath, 2009) . Galbreath, 2009 said in his findings that much has been on paper to recommend that CSR is important for competitive success, but efforts have been prevalent on conceptual and theoretical advancements and empirical tests between CSR and firm accomplishment. Galbreath, 2009 came to the conclusion that this causes a breach regarding CSR and strategy. Galbreath, 2009 cited ‘If an assumption is made that CSR is important to competitiveness, and if strategy serves as a foundation for a business firms creation, while establishing its position in the market, its competitiveness and its on-going existence, then placing CSR within the context of strategy seems vital. Galbreath, 2009 first implication was that CSR should not be regarded only in terms of   the duties organizations have toward society or to whom they are accountable. Galbreath, 2009 cited that ‘Normatively postulating, for example, that firms have an economic responsibility to generate profits or a legal responsibility to obey appropriate laws or that firms have a responsibility to meet the needs of various stakeholder groups (and who those groups are) does not describe how they can do so in a strategic manner. Galbreath, 2009 suggested that to know CSR strategically, unmet social desires and social matters   and also the firms responsibilities toward society, these have to be considered individually. This is essential to tackle CSR more accurately within the underlying elements of strategy (Galbreath,2009). Galbreath, 2009 implies and questions ‘to what degree does CSR have to be built into strategy before it can be considered â€Å"strategic†? ‘ During its existence, the firm has to frequently face with   different opportunities and threats and decisions are made to deal with them (Galbreath, 2009). According to Galbreath, 2009 there are six-dimensions of strategy firm mission; strategic issues; markets; customer needs; resources; and competitive advantage. Galbreath, 2009 says that at any stage one facet of strategy of the six-dimensions might be more vital than others. In Galbreath, 2009 for some scholars ‘strategic CSR deals with contributing slack resources (profit spending) to the needs of society and community that are related to objectives and strategy of the organisation such as philanthropy, sponsorships and cause-related marketing (Mullen, 1997; Lantos, 2002; Porter and Kramer, 2002). Galbreath, 2009 observed that strategically, this is a limited view and is mainly related to the discretionary (philanthropic) component of Carrolls (1979) theory of CSR. Galbreath, 2009 demonstrated in his paper that CSR is not an organizational occurrence strategically limited to a restricted aspect within the organization. He states that while taking corporate responsibilities, unmet social desires and social matters into account, synergies develop that are essential for several dimensions of strategy.   In Galbreath, 2009 he st ated an example;    ‘while the economic responsibility to produce profits constitutes part of the firms formal social contract, by exploring unmet social needs and social issues through strategy dimensions such as markets served, customer needs and resources required to compete, a firm not only can address social opportunities that generate profits (thereby meeting its economic responsibility to shareholders), but can offer societal benefits as well (Burke and Logsdon, 1996; Husted and Salazar, 2006). Galbreath (2009) found from his study that CSR cannot only be philanthropic or an obligation towards ethics, that is code of conduct; CSR can be carried out within six elements of corporate strategy,   adding up to good organisation practice,   profitable to the economy and to the wellbeing of society (Galbreath 2009). Galbreath 2009,   concluded that firms contribute economically to the society and profits making is a social responsibility (C arroll, 1979; Henderson, 2005). But in the present ambience, social matters are cropping up on firms to the extent that CSR seems to be the new battlefield for competitive achievement (Porter and Kramer, 2006 cited in Galbreath 2009). According to the guidelines, NEF, 2008 it can be extracted that the Government of Mauritius is mainly dealing with vulnerable groups as philanthropic activities to eradicate poverty rather than using CSR as an competive edge for the business. But for business perspectives in Mauritius, firms can deal with the CSR activities dealt as per the government program but at the same time build a strong long term competitive advantage by building good reputation for the company and at the same time deal with societal issues. Galbreath, 2009 concluded that if the statement is true then firms do not have to meet the interest of shareholders but also of society at large. Galbreath (2009) sated that â€Å" strategy takes on significant meaning not only with respect to fulfilling social responsibilities and the development of firms, but also with respect to the development and sustainability of society/nations (Raimond, 1996; Rodriguez et al., 2002).† Galbreath, (2009) made an interesting conclusion: companies who have a broader understanding of their social responsibilities and who starts to   investigate further on how they can build CSR into strategy at a more competitive edge in the future benefiting the shareholders and also the society at large. Galbrath (2009), to deal with CSR more strategically, the paper made an argument that organizations should consider six strategy dimensions: â€Å"firm mission†, â€Å" strategic issues†, â€Å"markets†, † customer needs†, â€Å" resources† and â€Å" competitive advantage.† Galbreath (2009) stated that strategy is about recognising matters that have an influence on a organisations capacity to attain its mission, so goods/services can be given to achieve markets needs providing through valuable resource construction to build and maintain competitive advantage. When CSR is thought about in these aspects it provides a way to methodically delve into means where social responsibilities can be constructed into strategy (Galbreath, 2009). If CSR is not done this way, companies  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   take the risk of defining CSR as â€Å"codes of ethics†, triple bottom line reports and public relations campaigns, (Galbreath 2009).Galbreath(2009) cited that â€Å"Such approaches are too limited, too defensive and are too disconnected from strategy. Nur Diana Hidayati, (2011) , showed in the case study that there is elevated dedication from the four companies she studied to catty out CSR programs and company moral values. The companies attempt to deal with the triple bottom line issues,(Nur Diana Hidayati,2011).   Nur Diana Hidayati, (2011, p104), found in the case study that Ã¢â‚¬Ë œ two consumer goods companies (Unilever Indonesia and Sari Husada) and one manufacturing company (Astra International) conduct CSR programs that are both related and unrelated to their core businesses while a mining company (Aneka Tambang) tends to conduct CSR programs that are unrelated to its core business. The other finding from the case study is that both programs related to CSR and not related to CSR are   ways for the companies to go for ‘sustainable development, Nur Diana Hidayati, (2011, p104), This leads to carry out a study in the Mauritian context of the competitive advantage placed while incorporating Corporate Social Responsibility as a strategic management in the business. Anonymous, nd from the Emerald Group Publishing stated that it is difficult to manage Corportae Social Responsibility issue if the firm you are running a firm of huge size. Senior management are more conscious that the firm is presumed to put forward some kind of advantages to the wider world, (Anonymous, nd). ‘newspaper articles, academic papers, the activities of their peers and the public all tell them so. ‘ Many executives of firms are anxious that their firm is not looked as making contributions morally to the society and   to the environment as their day to day activities then they can lose their reputation and customers, (anonymous, 2008). Lance Moir ‘the basic idea of corporate social responsibility is that business and society are interwoven rather than distinct entities. Business depends on society to run and it is using natural resources may be at the detriment of the environment. Though it is contributing to the economic development of the country or society, it has other duties to fulfil to contribute part of what it has gained during the business process   by providing Corporate Social Responsibility. Holmes (1976), in a study of executive attitudes to social responsibility, finds that the stron gest response was that in addition to making a profit, business should help to solve social problems whether or not business helps to create those problems even if there is probably no short-run or long-run profit potential. This applies to the Mauritian context where the contribution is enforced by 2% contribution after profit although it is given as tax. But how far the business person is agreeable to this is to be studied through the research questionnaire. Proponents of CSR claim that it is in the enlightened self-interest of business to undertake various forms of CSR. The forms of business benefit that might accrue would include enhanced reputation and greater employee loyalty and retention. We can identify this approach in some of the current approaches by business. So, the introductory section of the recent report by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development on Corporate Social Responsibility (WBCSD, 1999) used phrases such as business benefits, could destr oy shareholder value, control risks, identify market opportunities, improving reputation and maintaining public support. CSR Europes approach is that business benefits from being more socially responsible and that this can help to build sales, the workforce and trust in the company as a whole. The objective is to build sustainable growth for business in a responsible manner. Frederick (1994) identifies the development in the understanding of CSR up to 1970 as an examination of corporations obligation to work for social betterment and refers to this as CSR1. However, around 1970 he notes a move to corporate social responsiveness, which he calls CSR2. Frederick (1994), identifies corporate social responsiveness as the capacity of a corporation to respond to social pressures. (Moir L. 2001) In effect the move from CSR1 to CSR2 reflects a move from a philosophical approach to one that focuses on managerial action.    Lately, Frederick (1986) has developed this anal ysis to include a more ethical base to managerial decision taking in the form of corporate social rectitude and terms this CSR3. In this development, Frederick claims that the study of business and society needs an ethical anchor to permit a systematic critique of businesss impact upon human consciousness, human community and human continuity. Frederick (1986), asserts that whilst CSR1 was normative, it was hesitant and that CSR2 led to non-normative enquiry. Thus the requirement for a moral basis provides a normative foundation for managers to take decisions in the area of CSR. As part of a normative manifesto, he proposes that the The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (1999) defines CSR as: â€Å"the ethical behavior of a company towards society . . . management acting responsibly in its relationships with other stakeholders who have a legitimate interest in the business, and CSR is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contrib ute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large.† Examples cited in Moir L, 2002 are from individual companies in the area of CSR reinforcing stakeholder analysis: Johnson Johnson: â€Å"the companys responsibilities to be fair and honest, trustworthy and respectful, in dealing with all our constituents (Johnson Johnson, 2000). Volkswagen (2000): â€Å"adopt a position which builds both shareholder value and workholder value in order to deliver sustainable growth for the future. Shell: â€Å"We all need to assess the impact our business makes on society and ensure that we balance the economic, environmental and social aspects of everything we do† (Moody-Stuart, 1999). Apart from the triple bottom line, I think business should feel responsible and contribute to the social growth and go beyond the expectation of society   and i ntegrate CSR in the way business is carried out in the day to day activity. Thus a current analysis of CSR would involve meeting the needs of all stakeholders and not just shareholders against some form of ethical basis. This basis is described by Business Impact (2000, p. 1.02) in the following key principles: to treat employees fairly and equitably; to operate ethically and with integrity; to respect basic human rights; to sustain the environment for future generations; to be a caring neighbour in their communities. Gray et al. (1996) describe society as a series of social contracts between members of society and society itself. (Moir L., 2001) In the context of CSR, an alternative possibility is not that business might act in a responsible manner because it is in its commercial interest, but because it is part of how society implicitly expects business to operate. Donaldson and Dunfee (1999) develop integrated social contracts theory as a way for managers to take decisions in an ethical context. They differentiate between macrosocial contracts and microsocial contracts. Thus a macrosocial contract in the context of communities, for example, would be an expectation that business provide some support to its local community and the specific form of involvement would be the microsocial contract. Legitimacy theory Suchman (1995) defines legitimacy as a generalized perception or assumption that the actions of an entity are desirable, proper, or appropriate within some socially constructed system of norms, values, beliefs and definitions. Bringing together prior literature on legitimacy management including the strategic tradition of resource dependence theory (Pfeffer and Salancik, 1978) and the institutional traditions (DiMaggio and Powell,   1983) he identifies three types of organisational legitimacy: pragmatic; moral; cognitive. He also identifies three key challenges of legitimacy management: gaining; maintaining; and repairing legitimacy. The research opportunities that crop up from the literature review is whether the business persons are applying the strategic CSR management to their firms or they are just considering CSR not as part of the business. The awareness of the long term benefit to place the business at a competitive advantage is to be questioned by the literature review. I have found from the research that Mauritius is the sole country where there is the compulsory contribution of the 2% tax after profit for the development of CSR and the study of whether firms agree with this government decision or they are just abiding by the law. 1.4 CSR and the tourism Sector Beeton, (2006): cited in N Ragodoo, (2010),   affirmed that there are not always improvement in the life of community where the is tourist industry development although there are many tourist visiting developing countries and new markets. N Ragodoo, (2010) stated that the tourist industry can be beneficial and disadvantageous as well. The advantages are jobs creations, earning foreign exchange and contributing economically. The disadvantages stated by N Ragodoo, (2010) are that local communities are far from benefiting from the tourist industry and also it can cause harm to the environment by using the scarce local natural resources such as water and land, pollution and reduction of biodiversity, economy not contributed locally, poorly paid jobs and no job security N Ragodoo, (2010). Dubois and Ceron (2006) cited in N Ragodoo, (2010) propose that tourism industries must put into practice strategies for environment that will help prolonged development. 1.5 Benefits of Corporate Social Responsibility Nur Diana Hidayati, (2011), stated that Corporate Social Responsibility, is one of the action done by the business world.   Lesmana,(2007) cited in In Nur Diana Hidayatu, (2011),   said that this course of action is taken to encourage companies   to run out the day to day activities ethically, to cut off the negative effects on communities and the environment to gain sustainable economic benefits. Nur Diana Hidayati, (2011), found that the present trend shows that most business entities are unwilling to relate to CSR programs due to the inherent cost. In the short term the benefits of CSR cannot be seen, but in the long run the programs will contribute financially directly and indirectly. Nur Diana Hidayati, (2011), consequently said that company should carry out CSR programs   constantly to make them as an investment and an element of companys business strategy where all parts of the business entity are agreeable to put into practice tailored CSR pro grams. Nur Diana Hidayati, (2011), affirmed that fianancially, the expenses concerning CSR activities are clearly accounted in to implement the programs incessantly as   anticipated by the stakeholders. Elkington,1997 : cited in Siltaoja, 2006 that the triple bottom line is a ‘key to sustainable development Opportunity, innovation and competitive excellence leads to competititve advantage (Porter and Kammer, 2006) Lesmana, 2007: cited in Nur Diana Hidayati, 2011, declared that a continuous CSR activity will help set up a flourishing and autonomous society According to the World Business Council on Sustainable Development (2001), a sustainable development accomplishes the present needs without forfeiting the capacity of the next generations in accomplishing their needs (Porter and Kamer, 2006). The International Institute for sustainable Development and Deloitte and Touche dentified sustainable development of companies as accepting strategies and programs to acc omplish the current companys needs and the needs of stakeholders at the same time guarding, sustaining and enhancing the human and natural resources required in the future(Labuschagne and Brent, 2005; cited in Malovics et al., 2007). 1.6 Reputation The social responsibility of a business entity is known as a characteristic, a request and an action that induces its reputation ((Zyglidopoulos, 2001; Fombrun and Shanley, 1990; Carroll, 1979; all cited in Siltaoja, 2006). Reputation is most of the time defined as the most essential aspect for competitive advantage a firm can have(Deephouse,2000 and Fombrun,1996, 1998; all cited in Siltaoja, 2006) Brown and Logsdon (1999; cited in Siltaoja, 2006), define reputation in a lasting amalgamation of the societys view of the organization, the positive way the firm carries out its obligations and accomplishes stakeholderss requirements and the way the firms   outcome is successful relating to its societal-political and how effective the organizations performance is according to its societal-political surroundings. Lewis (2003): cited in Nur Diana Hidayati, 2011 described six criteria for company reputation: â€Å" product/service quality; financial performance; dealing wi th employees; environmental responsibility; social responsibility; and leadership.